ABSTRACT
A new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) broke out at the end of 2019 in Wuhan (China). The disease has become a global pandemic and claimed more than 6 million lives after spreading rapidly around the world. Issues related to the complicated course of COVID-19 mechanisms continue to be the subject of active study. It is known that morbidity and mortality increase dramatically with increasing age and concomitant diseases, including obesity, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Although most infected people recover, even young and otherwise healthy patients can get sick with this disease. In this regard, an urgent task is to search for specific genetic factors that can explain the predisposition of people to infection and the development of a severe COVID-19 form. Human genetic determinants can provide the scientific basis for disease prediction and the development of personalized therapies to counteract the epidemic. In addition, cases of repeated infection with SARS-CoV-2 are increasingly being registered, which occurs 1–6 months after initial infection on average and depends on the virus genome structure. Studies conducted on sequencing viral genomes have shown that some patients were re-infected with the same strain of coronavirus, while others were different. This, in turn, causes researchers concerns about the effectiveness of immunity after infection and vaccine reliability. The genetic characteristics of a person and a virus commonly determine the tendency for reinfection. It is difficult to determine the true COVID-19 reinfection prevalence, which is explained by the low detectability of asymptomatic reinfection and the fact that many patients with a mild course of the disease were not tested at an early stage of the pandemic. Therefore, the true prevalence of reinfection with COVID-19 does not reflect the current reality. There are many more cases of reinfection than are described in the literature. In this regard, the true contribution of a virus' genetic features to reinfection of COVID-19 can be determined only after population studies, and when developing immunization programs against a COVID-19, it is necessary to take into account the prevalence of reinfection in the population. The article can be used under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license © Authors, 2022.
ABSTRACT
The most significant single nucleotide human leukocyte antigen genes polymorphisms and innate immunity genes associated with varying degrees of acute respiratory infection severity are considered–COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. As data accumulated, it became clear that the SARS-CoV-2 virus exhibits significant regional, ethnic, and individual specificity. This is due to the population groups' genetic characteristics. This is necessary to reliably know the human genotype relationship with the COVID-19 course severity (asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe, and extremely severe up to fatal outcomes) for more successful therapy and vaccination. At the same time, it was also known that the innate immunity system is on the first line of defense against the pathogenic penetration into the body, and the human leukocyte antigen system encodes molecules of the same name on the surface of cells that present various antigens, including viral infection pathogens, and determine the severity of the course of many diseases;therefore, these systems' genes. This approach makes it possible to assess the likelihood of a severe and extremely severe disease course in healthy and infected people, which in turn contributes to the correct therapy strategy, pharmacotherapy, and vaccination, as well as to create new antiviral therapeutic and preventive medicines. The genetically determined immune response heterogeneity to SARS-CoV-2 infection requires further study, since there is no unambiguous opinion about the leading mechanism that determines disease severity. The article can be used under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license © Authors, 2022.
ABSTRACT
The most significant single nucleotide human leukocyte antigen genes polymorphisms and innate immunity genes associated with varying degrees of acute respiratory infection severity are considered-COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. As data accumulated, it became clear that the SARS-CoV-2 virus exhibits significant regional, ethnic, and individual specificity. This is due to the population groups' genetic characteristics. This is necessary to reliably know the human genotype relationship with the COVID-19 course severity (asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe, and extremely severe up to fatal outcomes) for more successful therapy and vaccination. At the same time, it was also known that the innate immunity system is on the first line of defense against the pathogenic penetration into the body, and the human leukocyte antigen system encodes molecules of the same name on the surface of cells that present various antigens, including viral infection pathogens, and determine the severity of the course of many diseases;therefore, these systems' genes. This approach makes it possible to assess the likelihood of a severe and extremely severe disease course in healthy and infected people, which in turn contributes to the correct therapy strategy, pharmacotherapy, and vaccination, as well as to create new antiviral therapeutic and preventive medicines. The genetically determined immune response heterogeneity to SARS-CoV-2 infection requires further study, since there is no unambiguous opinion about the leading mechanism that determines disease severity.
ABSTRACT
A new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) broke out at the end of 2019 in Wuhan (China). The disease has become a global pandemic and claimed more than 6 million lives after spreading rapidly around the world. Issues related to the complicated course of COVID-19 mechanisms continue to be the subject of active study. It is known that morbidity and mortality increase dramatically with increasing age and concomitant diseases, including obesity, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Although most infected people recover, even young and otherwise healthy patients can get sick with this disease. In this regard, an urgent task is to search for specific genetic factors that can explain the predisposition of people to infection and the development of a severe COVID-19 form. Human genetic determinants can provide the scientific basis for disease prediction and the development of personalized therapies to counteract the epidemic. In addition, cases of repeated infection with SARS-CoV-2 are increasingly being registered, which occurs 1-6 months after initial infection on average and depends on the virus genome structure. Studies conducted on sequencing viral genomes have shown that some patients were re-infected with the same strain of coronavirus, while others were different. This, in turn, causes researchers concerns about the effectiveness of immunity after infection and vaccine reliability. The genetic characteristics of a person and a virus commonly determine the tendency for reinfection. It is difficult to determine the true COVID-19 reinfection prevalence, which is explained by the low detectability of asymptomatic reinfection and the fact that many patients with a mild course of the disease were not tested at an early stage of the pandemic. Therefore, the true prevalence of reinfection with COVID-19 does not reflect the current reality. There are many more cases of reinfection than are described in the literature. In this regard, the true contribution of a virus' genetic features to reinfection of COVID-19 can be determined only after population studies, and when developing immunization programs against a COVID-19, it is necessary to take into account the prevalence of reinfection in the population.